- This is a disease that does not appear in a person from nowhere, the cause of the disease is microbacteria. Most often, tuberculosis is associated with lung damage, that is, education in the lungs foci of infection, although various inflammations can appear in other organs and parts of the human body, for example, in the bony system, lymph nodes, brain, or others.
Inactive microbes cannot be transmitted to anyone else. These germs usually attack the lungs. The skin test is used most often. A small needle is used to apply some test material, called tuberculin, under the skin. After 2-3 days, you return to a health professional who will check if there is a reaction to the test.
Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that spreads through the inhalation of tiny drops of coughing or sneezing of an infected person. It mainly affects the lungs, but can affect any part of the body, including the stomachs, bones and nervous system.
The disease is extremely serious, because the person infected can not even guess about his problem and at the same time spread the infection to others. It is important not only to know how symptoms of tuberculosis appear, but also how not to get infected in contact with a patient with tuberculosis.
Prevention of the disease should always be literate and comprehensive, only in this way can somehow affect the number of cases of tuberculosis, and this number, unfortunately, has greatly increased lately.
How not to get tuberculosis? Some useful recommendations.
A persistent cough that lasts more than three weeks and usually causes sputum, which can be bloody weight loss, high fever, fatigue and fatigue, loss of appetite in the neck. In most healthy people, the body’s natural defense against infection and disease kills bacteria, and there are no symptoms.
Sometimes the immune system can not kill bacteria, but it can prevent its spread in the body. You will not have any symptoms, but the bacteria will remain in your body. If the immune system cannot kill or contain the infection, it can spread to the lungs or other parts of the body, and the symptoms will develop in a few weeks or months.
Mandatory examination by a TB doctor, if there was contact with a patient with tuberculosis, is the very first recommendation. It is especially important for those who have been in this contact for a long time, as well as for those in whose immediate environment such a patient is. It is also important to be examined by this specialist if your close relatives have already been ill with this disease, as this fact may indicate a genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis.
The course of antibiotics, as a rule, must be taken within six months. During this time, you usually do not need to be isolated, but it is important to take some basic precautions to stop the spread of the infection from your family and friends.
These may include chest x-rays, blood tests and a skin test called the Mantoux test. A series of national guidelines were developed in consultation with the Infectious Diseases Network of Australia and approved by the Australian Committee for Health Protection. Their goal is to provide nationally agreed consultations and recommendations to public health units in response to notification of the disease. These guidelines cover the knowledge of experienced professionals based on past research efforts, and provide recommendations on best practices based on the best available evidence at the time of completion.
It is better for you to visit a phthisiatrician, and if you have had a disease that has had a strong effect on your immune system, weakening your body greatly.
If you are excessively abusing bad habits: smoking, alcohol - then you should also undergo periodic examinations to identify this disease, since you are at risk.
How is the prevention of tuberculosis in contact with the patient?
Guidelines are necessarily generic, and readers should not rely solely on the information contained in these guidelines. The information contained in these guidelines is not intended to replace recommendations from other relevant sources, including but not limited to those of a health professional. These recommendations are for informational purposes only. Membership of the Infectious Diseases Network of Australia and the Commonwealth of Australia, represented by the Department of Health, does not guarantee and does not bear any legal responsibility or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information or process disclosed at that time by interested parties.
It is imperative that you immediately contact a specialist when children and adolescents have been in contact with the patient, because their immune system has not yet been fully formed.
Well, and, of course, it would not be superfluous to visit a doctor if you find yourself who may indicate the presence of Koch sticks in your body: a sharp, prolonged and unreasonable loss of body weight; body temperature slightly elevated, while it does not decrease for a long time; dry cough not passing for several weeks; hemoptysis and chest pain.
Screen contacts to identify newborns with people who are in close contact with lung diseases in the first place. Investigate to: determine the source of infection in case of an index. . The following definitions will help in reading this document.
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is defined as strains that demonstrate resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. The time from infection to primary lesion or measurable significant immunological response, for example. The reaction to the produced protein produced Bulbutin produced can vary from 2 to 10 weeks. This progression can occur from a few weeks to decades later, although half will occur within 2 years of the initial infection.
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In order to minimize the chance of becoming ill with tuberculosis, especially if there was contact with an infectious person, we recommend that you do the following:
- exclude any use of alcoholic beverages, as well as once and for all quit smoking;
Clinical presentation and outcome
A person is infected until viable bacilli are unloaded from sputum. A case of smear positive is more contagious than a case that is only a positive culture. The degree of sociability depends on.
- Chronic cough, sometimes accompanied by hemoptysis.
- Fever and night sweats.
- Weight loss.
- Feeling, as a rule, fatigue and malaise.
- eat foods rich in animal fats as much as possible: fish, meat, eggs, milk;
- be sure to strengthen the immune system with vitamins of various groups;
- refuse to use any synthetic food products, such as: chips, fast food and the like;
- lead a correct, active lifestyle, strengthen your body with sports and exercise, and, of course, do not forget about healthy sleep;
Compliance with providers and patient commitment are important to prevent the development of drug resistance and relapse. The disease does not always provide protective immunity, as re-infection can occur. Those with an increased risk of infection due to the risk of infection include.
The occurrence of the disease and social significance
People living in crowded conditions or in institutions. . The risk of developing the disease, as soon as it was infected, is high in the following groups of people. These indicators compare favorably with other developed countries. In Australia, from 2 to 3% of cases are resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin.
- Avoid any contact with patients;
- As often as possible be in the fresh air and do not forget to regularly air the room in which you are.
In the nineteenth century, girls from noble families stunted and died of tuberculosis, later the disease was associated with a low standard of living and well-being of people at risk. Nowadays, mainly beggars, vagrants, drug addicts, prisoners, migrants and HIV-infected people are sick with tuberculosis, but literally every one of us can be infected. It is difficult to exaggerate the relevance of information about the dangers of this deadly disease.
A case or related screening of contacts is likely to attract media attention. the case may have been acquired in nosocomial form. Screening found a significant infection that is considered the result of a recent transmission. The case requires extensive contact research in the aggregate. . Infectious disease directors are informed about transboundary activities.
A case definition of a confirmed case can be found in the Department of Health and Aging. Only about 60% of the culture-positive respiratory samples will be smear-positive. Therefore, microscopy does not have sensitivity and specificity. . Some experts believe that patients infected with strains exhibiting isoniazid resistance at a low level can benefit from ongoing isoniazid therapy. You should contact a specialist in treating tuberculosis for an appropriate therapeutic regimen and dosage for treatment.
Tuberculosis is a rather ancient disease - it is found during archaeological excavations and in the spinal tissues of Egyptian mummies, which are more than four thousand years old. The antique healer Hippocrates described in detail the clinical picture of consumption - and the philosopher Aristotle was very worried about the increased infectiousness of the disease.
List of reference laboratories
Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales. Queensland Health Services, Herston, Hospital, Herston, Queensland. Victorian Reference Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, North Melbourne, Victoria.
Many patients can be treated on an outpatient basis. Hospitalization may be required if. Education about the disease process and transmission is provided to patients and home contacts using a qualified translator as needed. The importance of adherence to treatment is enhanced, and additional information about medications and possible side effects drug therapy. In many cultures, unfortunately, there is still a lot of stigma associated with this disease.
In the Middle Ages, the epidemic of tuberculosis more than once mowed down the population of Europe, so evidence remained that it was tuberculosis that caused 20% of deaths in Wales in one year. The helplessness of the then medicine before the disease was total, and only by the end of the nineteenth century, the scientist Robert Koch discovered an infectious bacterium, the causative agent of the disease, named after its discoverer Koch’s wand.
Requires support and confirmation. In principle, these criteria include. The reduction or absence of cough has reduced the burden on the smear or negative negative impact by providing an appropriate discharge plan. If drug resistance is suspected, the cases should remain isolated from the onboard safety precautions in place until the susceptibility results are confirmed.
Emergency preventive measures
Adequate social support and controlled therapy are needed in a home environment to maintain isolation at home. Evaluation of other family members should be carried out as a matter of priority in order to determine their status, as well as the possible need for preventive therapy for the “window” in all children.
By the middle of the twentieth century, the American bacteriologist Salman Waxman was awarded the Nobel Prize for the invention of streptomycin, which would seem to have successfully won the battle with tuberculosis. But by the end of the last century, the incidence rate has increased dramatically and now tuberculosis is considered the twenty-first century plague, because every second one person in the world gets sick, and one person dies from tuberculosis every ten seconds.
Cases should be excluded from educational institutions and children's services, as required by jurisdiction. To help identify contacts at risk of infection, it is necessary to conduct an environmental assessment of the parameters that the patient conducts during infectious diseases.
The size of the ventilation chamber Proximity to the body. . The purpose of contact tracking is. The estimated risk of transmission must determine the priority, speed and thoroughness of the contact investigation. High risk contacts. People who have had frequent, long and close contact in a closed environment with an infectious disease, such as. Working colleagues who use the same internal work area every day.
- All people living in the same dwelling.
- Relatives and friends who have frequent, long and close contact.
Translated from the Latin word tuberculosis means "tubercle", which conveys a feature of the infection, entering the human body, the bacterium surrounds itself with a capsule, in which it develops slowly and confidently. This special membrane makes the bacterium invulnerable, protects it from the effects of antimicrobials. As long as the infection remains encapsulated, the course of tuberculosis is latent, and the sick person is not so dangerous to others, because it does not disperse the infection around them.
Other close relatives, friends, classmates, colleagues, relatives and neighbors who often attend the business and are not at high risk. Low-risk contacts - include other contacts at school or in the workplace or in social environments that are not included in high or medium-risk groups. Obtaining information about low-risk contacts is not required at first, and should be continued if there is evidence of transmission in high-risk and medium-risk groups.
Each contact tracing activity must be developed and evaluated on an individual basis. After contact tracking has been carried out in each risk group, it is necessary to conduct an evaluation of the results in order to determine if a transfer has occurred.
Preferring lung tissue and lymph nodes, Koch's wand then spreads lymph and blood throughout the body, and in the place where the tubercle was formed, tissue is decomposed to form open wounds - a cavity. From this point on, the sick person is very dangerous and any contact with him, being in the same room or even living in the room where the patient was previously located is really dangerous.
Manage identified contacts
Some time frames for prioritizing screening. High-risk contacts with highly infectious diseases should be evaluated within 7 days after diagnosis, including contacts with a high risk of susceptibility. Contacts with a high risk of cases of moderate or low infectivity should be evaluated within 14 days after notification of the diagnosis. screening of contacts of cases with low infectivity should depend on the overall risk assessment. Only if there is evidence of transmission in a high-risk contact group, should progress in the medium-risk group be traced. Only if there is evidence of transmission in the medium-risk group should one check the progress in the low-risk group. It is necessary to obtain information on the susceptibility structure of the isolate drug to the original case, since this may affect the contact management approach.
Contact with a patient with tuberculosis in our countries is quite likely. Do I need to fear this and what kind of prevention is better to carry out?
Tuberculosis is an infection that enters the body with a tubercle bacillus, which infects the body and in very rare cases leads to the development of the active stage of the disease.
Infection with a stick occurs once in a lifetime, more often at an early age, when the body of a little man first encounters a pathogenic microorganism. Getting into the body of the child, the wand causes, but due to a sufficiently high immunity and its good work, the body is able to cope with the disease itself.
The disease passes unnoticed and does not lead to the emergence of active tuberculosis. The fact that the infection took place, will tell only, so it is so important to do it. There is a positive point in this, as the body learns to recognize the infection and develops anti-tuberculosis immunity.
But at the same time, "dormant" bacteria can cause the development of the active stage of tuberculosis with weakening, but this rarely happens.
Therefore, it can be said that infection with tuberculosis does not always lead to the development of an active disease. Infected people are not dangerous because they are not sick with tuberculosis; they do not spread the tubercle bacillus.
Contact with diseased tuberculosis, in which its open form and potentially dangerous contact with a person with a closed form of tuberculosis, is dangerous.
The open form of the disease is characterized by the fact that bacteria are excreted into the surrounding space; the bacillus is easily detected in the analysis of the patient's discharge. With a closed form of tuberculosis, the selection of the bacillus does not occur, it is not detected when analyzing the patient's secretions.
Contact with a patient with tuberculosis, suffering from its open form, in thirty cases out of a hundred leads to infection.
The most minimal risk of infection in short-term contacts that occur in public transport and places. For prophylaxis it is necessary to observe personal hygiene of the body, regularly do wet cleaning of the premises, fluorography.
The risk of catching an infection is greatly increased if contact with the patient is regular and long-term, when living together, when working together, communicating and having sex. In identifying contact with a sick person, it is better to undergo a TB examination to determine the need for chemical disease prevention and other procedures.
The problem is compounded by the fact that Koch's wand is able to adapt and be resistant to the effects of drugs, and the deterioration of living conditions and a high density of urban population increase the risk of tuberculosis. Take care and be careful.
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